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Coordinates: 52°17′N 8°3′E  /  52.283°N 8.050°E  / 52.283; 8.050 Coordinates: 52°17′N 8°3′E  /  52.283°N 8.050°E  / 52.283; 8.050

Osnabrück (German pronunciation: [ɔsnaˈbʁʏk] ( list ); Westphalian: Ossbrügge; archaic Osnaburg) is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony. It is situated on the river Hase in a valley pned betwe the Wieh Hills and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest. With a population of 168, 145

The founding of Osnabrück was linked to its positioning on important European trading routes. Charlemagne founded the Diocese of Osnabrück in 780. The city was also a member of the Hanseatic League. At the d of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), one of the treaties comprising the Peace of Westphalia was negotiated in Osnabrück (the other being in nearby Münster).

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In recognition of its role as the site of negotiations, Osnabrück later adopted the title Friedsstadt (city of peace). The city is also known as the birthplace of anti-war novelist Erich-Maria Remarque and painter Felix Nussbaum.

More rectly Osnabrück has become well known for its industry. Numerous companies in the automobile, paper, steel and grocery sectors are located in the city and its surrounding area.

In spite of the massive destruction inflicted on the city during World War II, the Altstadt (old town) was evtually reconstructed extsively with designs loyal to the original medieval architecture there. Osnabrück was also the home of the largest British garrison outside the United Kingdom.

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Osnabrück's modern, urban image is hanced by the presce of more than 22, 000 studts studying at the University and the University of Applied Scices.

The origin of the name Osnabrück is disputed. The suffix -brück suggests a bridge over or to something (from German Brücke = bridge) but the prefix Osna- is explained in at least two differt ways: the traditional explanation is that today's name is a corruption of Ossbrügge (westphalian meaning ox bridge), which is etymologically and historically impossible, because the town is older than this corruption of consonants (documted in 13th ctury, Osnabrück was founded in 8th ctury), but others state that it is derived from the name of the Hase River which is arguably derived from As (Æsir), thus giving Osnabrück the meaning bridge to the gods,

And previously Tacitus named people living near the grey river (Hase) Chasuarii. It may also be noted that Osnabrück is situated on the northern d of the Teutoburg Forest, which until the 19th ctury was known as the Osning. The way in which the city's name is pronounced can also serve as a means of telling if the speaker is a native of Osnabrück or a visitor: most locals stress the last syllable, while those from elsewhere td to stress the first one.

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Osnabrück initially developed as a marketplace next to the bishopric founded by Charlemagne, King of the Franks, in 780. Some time prior to 803, the city became the seat of the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück. Although the precise date is uncertain, it is likely that Osnabrück is the oldest bishopric in Lower Saxony.

In the year 804 Charlemagne was said to have founded the Gymnasium Carolinum in Osnabrück. This would make it the oldest German Gymnasium school, but the charter date is disputed by historians, some of whom believe it could be a forgery.

In 889 the town was giv merchant, customs, and coinage privileges by King Arnulf of Carinthia. Osnabrück was first referred to in records as a city in 1147. A decade later, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa granted the city fortification privileges (Befestigungsrecht). Most of the towers which were part of the original fortifications are still visible in the city. Osnabrück became a member of the Hanseatic League in the 12th ctury, as well as a member of the Westphalian Federation of Cities.

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The history of the town in the later Middle Ages was recorded in a chronicle by Albert Suho, one of Osnabrück's most important clerics in the 15th ctury.

From 1561 to 1639 there was a considerable amount of social unrest and tsion in Osnabrück due to the Protestant Reformation, the Thirty Years' War and also witch hunting. In 1582, during the rule of Mayor Hammacher (1565–1588), 163 wom were executed as alleged witches; most of them were burned alive. In total, 276 wom were executed, along with 2 m who had be charged with wizardry.

The first Lutheran services were held in Osnabrück in 1543. Over the next ctury, Lutheranism expanded in the city and several Protestant bishops were elected. However, the Catholic churches continued to operate, and the city never became completely Lutheran. After the Thirty Years' War broke out, a Catholic bishop was elected in 1623, and the city was occupied by troops of the Catholic League in 1628.

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The Gymnasium Carolinum was upgraded to a Jesuit university in 1632, but the university was closed a year later wh the city was tak by Swedish troops and restored to Protestant control.

Peace negotiations took place in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster from 1643 to 1648. The twin Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, collectively known as the Peace of Westphalia, ded the Thirty Years' War. Osnabrück was officially recognized as bi-confessional Catholic and Lutheran. The prince-bishopric would be held alternately by a Catholic bishop and a Lutheran bishop. The Protestant bishop would be selected from the descdants of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg, with priority giv to the cadets of what became the House of Hanover. From 1667, prince-bishop Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, built the new baroque palace. His son, George I of Great Britain, died in the palace, at the time residce of his younger brother, prince-bishop Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany, on a travel on 11 June 1727.

In the early 18th ctury, rowned local jurist and social theorist Justus Möser wrote a highly influtial constitutional history of the town, the Osnabrücker Geschichte.

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Following the Sev Years' War, the town's population fell below 6, 000, however an economic revival linked to the lin and tobacco industries caused it to rise again from the 1780s onwards.

The Napoleonic period saw possession of the city change hands several times. Control of Osnabrück passed to the Electorate of Hanover in 1803 during the German Mediatisation, and th briefly to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1806. From 1807 to 1810 the city was part of the Kingdom of Westphalia, after which it passed to the First Frch Empire. After 1815, it became part of the Kingdom of Hanover.

The town's first railway line was built in 1855, connecting it with Löhne. Further rail connections appeared over the following decades, connecting Osnabrück with Emd from 1856, Cologne from 1871 and Hamburg from 1874.

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In 1866, Osnabrück was annexed by Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War and administered as part of the Province of Hanover. Growth of the local economy and population was fuelled by expansion in the gineering and textile industries, with the Hammers Weaving Mill established in 1869 and the Osnabrücker Kupfer- und Drahtwerk metallurgical firm following in 1873.

The outbreak of the First World War necessitated food rationing; the Allied blockade and a harsh winter in 1917 led to further shortages.

Following Germany's defeat in 1918, a council made up of workers and soldiers took control during the November Revolution, but were replaced by the new Weimar Republic the following year.

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Similarly to many other German cities, Osnabrück expericed considerable inflation and unemploymt in the 1920s, with over 2, 000 out of work by 1923 and nearly 14, 000 receiving some form of governmt assistance by 1928.

Politically, Osnabrück in the 1920s was a stronghold of support for the Social Democrats and the Catholic Ctre Party. However, in the Reichstag elections of September 1930, the Nazi Party received the greatest perctage of votes in the city (nearly 28%) – a more than sev-fold increase from their electoral performance in Osnabrück two years prior.

During the campaigns prior to the two federal elections in 1932, both Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels made well-attded speeches in the city.

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Following the Nazis' seizure of power in January 1933, Osnabrück was subjected to the implemtation of National Socialist economic, political, and social programmes. These resulted in economic growth for ethnic Germans who did not run afoul of the new regime, and the town wt from having over 10, 000 unemployed in early 1933 to actually having a labour shortage five years later.

) did not share in this growth and found themselves discriminated against, imprisoned or forced to close their businesses and leave town.

The war ded for Osnabrück on 4 April 1945, wh the XVII Corps of Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's Second Army tered the city with little resistance.

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By this time, the city had be extsively bombed and required major reconstructive programmes following the war's d. Leading Nazis fled the city and the British appointed a new mayor, Johannes Petermann. However, during the allied occupation of Germany a British military governor, Colonel Geoffrey Day was placed in charge of administering the city.

Relations betwe the occupiers and the citizs of Osnabrück were gerally peaceful, though tsions existed; some minor fights broke out betwe British soldiers and local